Solenoid valve and method for making same

ABSTRACT

A valve assembly includes a valve with a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid and a plunger. The bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece, and defines all of the valve&#39;s inlet/outlet ports and forms the entire support structure for the solenoid and the plunger. The valve may be connected to a manifold by press-fitting port nipples of the valve into corresponding channels in the manifold. The manifold is formed of a resilient, elastomeric material, and the port nipples include radial projecting barbs, which enable the valve to be fluidly-connected to the manifold without additional O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing devices. Fittings with barbs can likewise be press-fit in other channels of the manifold to connect the valve assembly with fluid lines or other components in the fluid system. The fittings can also be provided unitary with the manifold, and/or adhesively attached to the manifold and/or to the fluid lines and other components.

RELATED CASES

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/800,558, for “Manifold for Valve Assembly” filed Mar. 7, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,523,570, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/564,529, filed May 4, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,409, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to a valve assembly, and more particularly to a manifold for a valve assembly which allows easy attachment of a valve or other component of the assembly to the manifold without O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A valve typically includes a plurality of ports through which fluid is selectively passed to accomplish a desired flow path. For example, a three-way valve may include common port, a normally open port, and a normally closed port. When the valve is in an inactivated state, fluid enters the valve through the common port and exits through the normally open port. When the valve is in an activated state, fluid enters the valve through the common port and exits through the normally closed port.

A three-way valve may include a solenoid and a plunger that is used to shift the valve between its inactivated and activated states. Such a solenoid comprises components which generate and transmit a magnetic field. Specifically, a solenoid may include a solenoid coil which generates a magnetic field upon application of an electrical current and this magnetic field is transmitted to a pole piece. Terminal pins are typically provided to selectively energize the solenoid coil and a flux conductor is typically provided to concentrate magnetic flux in a desired manner.

A plunger commonly comprises a plunger body or armature which directs the flow through the valve in response to the energization/deenergization of the solenoid.

A spring or other type of biasing assembly is typically provided to bias the plunger body towards a position whereat it seals off the passageway to the normally closed port and not the normally open port. When the solenoid is energized, the plunger body is pulled towards the pole piece by the magnetic force (that overcomes the spring biasing force) to a position whereat it seals off the passageway to the normally open port and not the normally closed port.

A three-way solenoid valve commonly includes a bobbin and one or more valve body pieces which together define the ports and which together provide a support structure for the solenoid and the plunger. The coupling of the bobbin and the valve body piece(s) together requires separate assembly steps and/or special coupling components. Moreover, the unions between the bobbin and the valve body piece(s) introduce leakage issues sometimes requiring separate inspection tests during assembly of the valve.

Three-way valves are used for a wide variety of industrial, medical, and other types of analytical systems. Different types of valve mounting arrangements are often required depending on the particular system. For example, some applications require a manifold mounted arrangement and other applications require a printed circuit board arrangement. Furthermore, different orientations of the valve ports are often required in different plumbing settings. Additionally or alternatively, it is often necessary (or at least desirable) to have a two dimensional array of valves mounted on the same manifold and/or printed circuit board.

In many valve applications, dimensions are crucial and constant efforts are being made to reduce the size of valve assemblies. However, while size reduction is desirable, it often comes at the expense of more complicated assembly techniques and/or elevated manufacturing costs. Furthermore, the smallness of the bobbin and/or the valve body piece(s) tends to increase leakage issues during assembly due to, among other things, the tight tolerances involved. Additionally or alternatively, size reduction often results in the sacrifice of some desirable features, such as adjustability of valve seat sealing characteristics and/or electrical terminal options. Moreover, valve size reduction is sometimes difficult to accomplish within reasonable economic ranges and thus such reduction is of little benefit in many cost-sensitive valving situations.

With manifold mounted arrangements, additional O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing devices (e.g., tube seals) can be required to provide a fluid-tight seal between the valve and the manifold. These sealing devices can add expense, require complicated and expensive manufacturing of the valve body to accommodate the seals, and/or increase the assembly costs of the valve assembly. They can also increase the size of the assembly to accommodate such seals.

Accordingly, the inventors appreciated that a need remains for compact and versatile valve assemblies that may be made by simplified assembly techniques and within reasonable economic ranges, without significant leakage issues.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides a valve assembly that may be manufactured and assembled in a relatively simplified and economic manner. Additionally, the design of the valve assembly is such that leakage issues are minimized and the valve may be used for a wide variety of industrial, medical and/or analytical systems without requiring different valve constructions. Further, a preferred form of the valve allows for adjustment of valve seat sealing characteristics (by changing the biasing force on the spring) and/or is compatible with different orientations of terminal pins. Still further, the valve can be easily assembled with a manifold without additional O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing or attachment devices. The valve may be produced in a very compact size thereby making it suitable for applications requiring small scale valving apparatus. However, the valve design of the present invention has many features equally advantageous in larger scale valving apparatus and thus the valve could be made in wide variety of dimensions.

More particularly, the present invention provides a valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger. The bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece and defines a common port, a normally closed port, a normally open port, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports. The bobbin/valve body provides the entire support structure for the solenoid and the plunger whereby assembly and inspection steps associated with joining together separate bobbin and valve body piece(s) are eliminated. For this same reason, leakage issues may be significantly reduced. Additionally, the preferred bobbin/valve body may be made by economic mass manufacturing methods thereby further reducing manufacturing costs. Furthermore, a valve construction wherein a one-piece bobbin/valve body defines at least the normally open port (and not necessarily the common port or the normally closed port) is believed to in and of itself reduce the size of the valve.

The bobbin/valve body preferably comprises an end portion defining the normally open port, another end portion defining the common and normally closed ports, and a cylindrical central portion therebetween. The common port, the normally closed port, and the normally open port are preferably aligned with each other in the axial direction of the longitudinal bore thereby making the valve compatible with a variety of different mounting arrangements. For example, the valve is especially suitable for manifold mounting, and to this end, radial projecting barbs are preferably provided on the port nipples to allow fluid-tight coupling to channels in the manifold. The valve is also especially suitable for mounting on a printed circuit board and to this end the exterior walls of the bobbin/valve body preferably include slots, grooves, and/or recesses to accommodate appropriate mounting elements (e.g., mounting wires, screws, clips, etc.).

The plunger includes a plunger body which moves within the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body in response to the energization/deenergization of the solenoid. Specifically, the plunger body moves between a first position whereat the passageway to the normally closed port is sealed and the passageway to the normally open port is open and a second position whereat the passageway to the normally closed port is open and the passageway to the normally open port is sealed. In this manner, fluid flows through the common port to the normally open port when the plunger body is in the first position and through the common port to the normally closed port when the plunger body is in the second position. Preferably, the plunger body is moved to the second position upon energization of the solenoid.

The solenoid preferably includes a pole piece positioned within the longitudinal bore and the pole piece preferably defines a passageway from the bobbin/valve body's passageway to the normally open port. This passageway extends through an opening in an axial end of the pole piece and a valve seat surrounds this opening. Another valve seat (defined by the bobbin/valve body) surrounds the passageway from the longitudinal bore to the normally closed port. The plunger body seals the body's valve seat when in one of its first and second positions and seals the pole's valve seat when in the other position. Preferably, the plunger body seals the body's valve seat when in its first position (when the solenoid is deenergized) and seals the pole's valve seat when in its second position (when the solenoid is energized).

The plunger body and/or the bobbin/valve body preferably includes longitudinal ribs that extend radially to define flow channels between the plunger body and the bobbin/valve body. Preferably, the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body includes a ribbed section including the ribs and the passageway between the longitudinal bore and the common port communicates with this ribbed section. The pole's passageway preferably includes a longitudinal passageway and a radial passageway. The longitudinal passageway extends from the valve seat to the radial passageway and the radial passageway communicates with the bobbin/valve body's passageway to the normally open port. Flow introduced through the common port passes through the relevant passageway to the longitudinal bore and into the rib-defined flow channel towards the pole's valve seat. When the solenoid is deenergized (or unenergized), and the plunger body is in its first position, the pole's valve seat is open and the fluid flows through the pole's longitudinal and radial passageways to the normally open port.

The passageway between the longitudinal bore and the normally closed port includes a cross-over passageway extending axially outward from the body's valve seat and a passageway extending perpendicularly from the cross-over passageway to the normally closed port. When the solenoid is energized, and the plunger body is in its second position, the pole's valve seat is sealed and the body's valve seat is opened. Fluid thus passes from the longitudinal bore through the passageways to the normally closed port. Upon deenergization of the solenoid, the plunger body is moved back to the first position whereby fluid flows through the pole passageways to the normally open port.

The plunger preferably includes a spring that biases the plunger body towards the normally closed valve seat (in the bobbin/valve body) and a spring retainer that holds the spring in the desired biasing relationship. The spring is preferably a cylindrical spring that circumferentially surrounds the plunger body and the spring retainer is preferably a ring-shaped member secured radially inward of the flow channel-defining ribs. This arrangement of the spring relative to the plunger body allows a reduction in overall length of the valve when compared to, for example, a valve design wherein a spring is positioned axially in line with the plunger body. Also, this arrangement of the spring and spring retainer allows for adjustment of the valve seat sealing characteristics by adjusting the position of the spring retainer and thus the biasing force of the spring.

To assemble the valve according to the present invention, the bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece, preferably by an economic mass manufacturing process, such as injection molding. The plunger body is inserted through an end opening in the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore. The spring is situated around the plunger body and the spring retainer is attached to the bobbin/valve body, preferably by press-fitting, to hold the spring in the desired biasing position. After insertion of the plunger components, the pole piece is inserted through the opening into the longitudinal bore and attached to the bobbin/valve body. A solenoid coil is wound around the central cylindrical section of the bobbin/valve body and the terminal pins are attached to the body in such a manner that they are in contact with the solenoid coil. A flux conductor (preferably of a one-piece construction) is then attached to the bobbin/valve body and the pole piece to complete the assembly of the valve. Preferably, the attachment of the spring retainer, the pole piece, terminal pins and/or the flux conductor is accomplished by a press-fit coupling arrangement. Thus, no additional coupling components, materials and/or steps (e.g., welds, adhesives, etc.) are required thereby simplifying assembly techniques and reducing manufacturing costs.

With particular reference to the terminal pins, the preferred attachment technique includes inserting sections of the pins through openings in the bobbin/valve body and placing end sections in contact with the solenoid coil. The “non-inserted” sections of the pins may be bent into the desired orientation. In this manner, different types of terminal pins may be incorporated into the valve and/or the same terminal pins may be trimmed or otherwise bent to accommodate different mounting arrangements.

It may be noted that one or more of the desired features of the invention may be combined to create a valve of a desired construction. For example, a bobbin/valve body (one piece or otherwise) having a flat exterior mounting surface (except for the port nipples) is believed to be advantageous in and of itself in view of its compatibility with different manifold/board mounting arrangements. A valve construction wherein the solenoid coil surrounds both the plunger body and the pole piece and/or a flux conductor which straddles an axial section of the bobbin/valve body including both the common port and the normally open port is beneficial in view of the potential for overall length-reduction of the valve. Furthermore, a valve incorporating the press-fit attachment of the terminal pins, and the ability to bend them to accommodate different mounting arrangements, provides advantages with or without the other preferred features of the invention.

The manifold is also preferably formed in one piece, preferably by an economic mass manufacturing process, such as injection molding. Appropriate fittings are then press-fit into the channels in the manifold to allow easy attachment to fluid lines, to adjacent manifolds, and/or to diverters or other components. The fittings have radial projecting barb(s) which provide a fluid-tight seal with the resilient manifold and with the fluid lines, etc., without the need for additional O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing devices. Alternatively, the fittings can be provided integral (unitary) with the manifold, in which case the barbs are located only to provide a fluid tight seal with the fluid lines or other external components. As a still further alternative, or in addition, the fittings can be adhesively connected to the manifold, to the fluid lines, and/or to other components in the fluid system.

The manifold has a generally flat exterior mounting surface with inlet, outlet and common channels opening at the surface. The port nipples of the valve are press-fit in the respective channels. As indicated above, the port nipples have barbs which similarly provide a fluid-tight seal with the resilient manifold without the need for additional O-ring seals or other mechanical sealing devices. The barbs provide an interference fit with the respective channels to retain the valve on the manifold without additional hold-down mechanisms or fasteners.

Thus, the present invention provides a compact and versatile valve assembly that may be made by simplified assembly techniques and within reasonable economic ranges, without significantly increasing leakage issues. These and other features of the invention are fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings set forth in detail a certain illustrative embodiment of the invention, these embodiments being indicative of but one of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be employed.

DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side and perspective view of a valve according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a bottom and perspective view of the valve.

FIG. 3 is side view of the valve with certain interior components being shown in phantom.

FIG. 4 is a side view, partially in section, showing the valve installed on a manifold.

FIG. 5 is side view, partially in section, showing the valve installed on the manifold in another manner.

FIG. 6 is a side view, partially in section, showing the valve installed on another manifold.

FIG. 7 is enlarged sectional view of a portion of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the valve installed on a printed circuit board in a ports-up orientation.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the valve installed on a printed circuit board or panel in a ports-to-the-side orientation.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a plurality of valves according to the present invention installed in an array arrangement on a printed circuit board or panel in a ports-up orientation.

FIG. 11 is a side and perspective view of a bobbin/valve body of the valve.

FIG. 12 is sectional perspective view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 13 is a top view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 14 is a side view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 15 is a bottom view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 16 is an end view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 17 is another end view of the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the bobbin/valve body as seen from line 18—18 in FIG. 17.

FIG. 19 is a sectional view of the bobbin/valve body as seen from line 19—19 in FIG. 17.

FIG. 20 is a sectional view of the bobbin/valve body as seen from line 20—20 in FIG. 14.

FIG. 21 is a sectional view of the bobbin/valve body as seen from line 21—21 in FIG. 14.

FIG. 22 is a sectional view of the bobbin/valve body as seen from line 22—22 in FIG. 16.

FIG. 23 is a view similar to FIG. 22 but with terminal pins partially assembled within the bobbin/valve body.

FIG. 24 is a side perspective view of a component of the valve's solenoid, namely a flux conductor.

FIG. 25 is a top view of the flux conductor.

FIG. 26 is a side view of the flux conductor.

FIG. 27 is an end view of the flux conductor.

FIG. 28 is an opposite end view of the flux conductor.

FIG. 29 is a side view of another component of the valve's solenoid, namely a pole piece.

FIG. 30 is an end view of the pole piece.

FIG. 31 is a sectional view of the pole piece as taken along lines 31—31 in FIG. 30.

FIG. 32 is a enlarged portion of the sectional view of FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is another enlarged portion of the sectional view of FIG. 31.

FIG. 34 is perspective cross-sectional view of a component of the plunger, namely a plunger body without its elastomeric core.

FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view of the plunger body with its elastomeric core.

FIG. 36 is a perspective side view of another component of the plunger device, namely a spring retainer.

FIG. 37 is an end view of the spring retainer.

FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of the spring retainer as taken along lines 38—38 in FIG. 37.

FIG. 39 is an axial cross-sectional view of the valve in a deenergized state.

FIG. 40 is a radial cross-sectional view of the valve taken along line 40—40 in FIG. 3.

FIG. 41 is a radial cross-sectional view of the valve taken along line 41—41 in FIG. 3.

FIG. 42 is a radial cross-sectional view of the valve taken along line 42—42 in FIG. 3.

FIG. 43 is an enlarged portion of FIG. 39.

FIG. 44 is another enlarged portion FIG. 39.

FIG. 45 is a side view, in partial cross-section, of one type of fitting for the manifolds illustrated in FIGS. 4-7.

FIG. 46 is a side view, in partial cross-section, of another type of fitting for the manifolds illustrated in FIGS. 4-7.

FIG. 47 is a side view, in partial cross-section, of a still further type of fitting for the manifolds illustrated in FIGS. 4-7.

FIG. 48 is an elevated perspective view, from one side, of another type of manifold useful for the valve.

FIG. 49 is an elevated perspective view, from another side, of the manifold of FIG. 48.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the drawings in detail, and initially to FIGS. 1-3, a valve 100 according to the present invention is shown. The valve 100 includes a bobbin/valve body 200, a solenoid 300 and a plunger 400. The bobbin/valve body 200 defines a common port 202, a normally closed port 204 and a normally open port 206. The ports 202, 204, 206 project axially outwardly from one side of the body, in the same direction, parallel to one another. The valve components are configured so that when the solenoid 300 is deenergized, fluid enters the valve 100 through the common port 202 and exits through the normally open port 206. When the solenoid 300 is energized, fluid enters the valve 100 through the common port 202 and exits through the normally closed port 204.

The construction of the valve 100 is such that it may be produced in very a compact size within a reasonable economic range. For example, a prototype has been developed which has an approximately 22.86 mm length, a 7.87 mm width, an 8.92 mm height (without port nipples) and a 1.78 mm port nipple length and weighs in at less than 0.10 ounces. Significantly, this size reduction does not come at the expense of more complicated assembly techniques, increased leakage problems and/or the sacrifice of desirable features. In fact, as is explained in more detail below, the valve 100 may be manufactured and/or assembled in a relatively simplified manner and its construction is such that leakage issues are minimized. Also, the preferred form of the valve 100 allows for the selective adjustment of valve seat sealing characteristics and/or the accommodation of different types of electrical connections.

Moreover, the valve 100 may be used for a wide variety of industrial, medical and analytical systems and does not require different valve constructions to accommodate these different mounting arrangements. As illustrated in FIGS. 4-6, the valve 100 is particularly suited for mounting on a resilient manifold 110 because of the axial alignment of the port nipples 202, 204 and 206. Port nipples 202, 204, 206 each include radial, outwardly projecting annular barbs 208 for use in sealing the valve 100 to the manifold (see FIG. 7). Specifically, the barbs 208 make it possible to mount the valve 100 with nose seals 112 (FIG. 4), tube seals 114 (FIG. 5), or no seals (FIG. 6) with appropriate manifold material. With reference particularly to FIGS. 6 and 7, the port nipples 202, 204, 206 can be press-fit into one end of channels 217, 218 and 219, respectively, in the manifold, and fluidly-sealed therein without the need for mechanical sealing devices. Channels 217, 218 and 219 all open to the exterior, generally flat mounting surface 221 of the manifold.

The port nipples 202, 204, 206 are made from a material such as plastic, generally harder than the manifold material, such that the barbs grasp, preferably with an interference fit, the inside surface of the channels and retain the posts within the channels during operation of the valve. A fluid-tight seal is provided along essentially the entire nipple because of the resilient nature of the manifold. No additional hold-down mechanisms or fasteners are necessary to retain the valve on the manifold, which reduces the complexity of the manufacture and assembly of the valve assembly. The valve can nevertheless be easily removed from the manifold, such as for inspection or replacement, merely by grasping the valve and pulling the valve away from the manifold.

An appropriate manifold material is, for example, a compliant (resilient) elastomeric material such as polyurethane. An polyurethane suitable for the manifold is available from Dow Plastics, under the trade name/designation “Pellathane”, although of course, other suitable resilient materials could be used. The particular durometer (resiliency) of the manifold can be easily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using simple experimentation.

Appropriate fittings, as at 440, can be press-fit into the other end of channels 217, 218 and 219, respectively, of the manifold. Referring also to FIGS. 45-47, fittings 440 preferably include an annular body 442 having a central flow passage 444. The annular body 442 has a first end 445 dimensioned to be closely received within a respective port 217-219 of the manifold. A central annular flange 446 projects radially outward from the body 442 to serve as a stop when the fitting is inserted into the port. The fittings can have respective ends which are identical, for connecting adjacent manifolds, diverters, fluid lines, etc., which have the same dimensions as the manifolds (FIGS. 45, 46); or can have ends with different dimensions. FIG. 47 illustrates a tapered end 447 for receipt of a smaller fluid line.

In any case, each end of the fitting includes one (FIGS. 45, 47) or more (FIG. 46) radial projecting annular barbs, as at 448. For fittings having multiple barbs on each end, the barbs on each end can project radially outward different amounts, with the barbs closer to the central flange 446 preferably projecting further outwardly than the barbs spaced away from the annular flange. The barbs could also project outwardly different amounts on each end of the fitting.

The dimensions and locations of the barbs can be easily determined by those of ordinary skill in the art using simple experimentation, taking into account the resiliency of the component to be connected to the fitting, and the anticipated pressures in the fitting during operation of the valve. While a sharp-edged barb is preferred, other geometries on the fitting accomplishing the same result could be used rather than a barb.

The fittings 440 are made from a relatively hard material, such as brass or plastic, such that the barbs grasp the channels in the manifold, without additional mechanical sealing devices, such as O-rings or seal tubes. Again, a seal is provided along essentially the entire length of the fitting because of the resilient nature of the manifold. While it is preferred that the fittings are closely (preferably press-fit) received in the respective manifold or component, with the barb(s) providing a fluid-tight seal without the need for any additional mechanical seal, it is also anticipated that adhesive could be applied around the fitting to facilitate the fluid-tight connection with the manifold and/or the other components.

The manifold 110 can be easily fluidly connected with other manifolds. To this end, referring to FIGS. 48 and 49, connection channels 451-453 can be provided which fluidly interconnect some or all of the channels 217-218 in each manifold with an adjacent manifold, or with other manifolds in the manifold array. One useful feature of using a material such as polyurethane for the manifold is that it is relatively easy and inexpensive to form flow channels through the manifold. Some or all of the connection channels 451-453 can intersect the channels 217-219 in the manifold, and can be located to interconnect with corresponding connection channels in adjacent manifolds. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, connection channel 451 interconnects with channel 217; connection channel 452 interconnects with channel 218; and connection channel 453 interconnects with channel 219. It is also possible that one or more connection channels, such as connection channels 454, 455, can extend through the manifold for connection to adjacent manifolds or to external components, without intersecting channels 217-219. Connection channel 455 is shown as extending from the front end to the rear end of the manifold, while channel 454 is shown extending from side-to-side.

As also shown in FIGS. 48 and 49, the fittings 440 can alternatively be formed integrally, and preferably unitarily (in one piece) with the manifold 110. In this aspect, the fitting ends projecting out of the manifold can have one (or more) barbs as described above with respect to FIGS. 45-46 to enable fluid-tight connection with a fluid line or other component. Alternatively, as illustrated, the projecting ends of the fittings 440 can be smooth, and permanently connected to the external component using, for example, adhesive. The adhesive-only connection can be used to connect the fittings to the manifold as well.

The fittings 440 in FIGS. 48 and 49 are shown with connection channels 450 for interconnecting adjacent manifolds. One end of each connection channel 450 opens to one side of the manifold and include fittings 440 (see e.g., FIG. 48); while the other end of each connection channel opens to the other side of the manifold and includes openings dimensioned to receive fittings 440 (see, e.g., FIG. 49). Of course, the fittings and openings can be located on either side (and on any end), depending upon the particular application.

While the manifolds have been described above as being useful for connection of a valve, it is possible that the manifold could be used in a fluid system without such a valve. Another component of the fluid system could be mounted on the manifold, if the component is to be fluidly-connected within the system; or alternatively, the manifold could be a diverter and merely distribute fluid to one or more adjacent manifolds.

Referring now to FIGS. 8-10, the valve 100 is also particularly suited for mounting on a printed circuit board or panel 150. Particularly, the valve 100 may be mounted in a “ports-up” orientation as shown in FIG. 8 and secured in position relative to the board by a C-shaped mounting wire 152. Alternatively, the valve 100 may be mounted in a “ports-to-the-side” orientation as shown in FIG. 9 and secured in position by a cross-wire 154 with a termination connector 156. Additionally, a plurality of the valves 100 may be arranged in a two-dimensional array on the board 150 as shown in FIG. 10 and secured in position by screws 160.

Referring now to FIGS. 11-22, the bobbin/valve body 200 is shown isolated from the other components of the valve 100. The bobbin/valve body 200 is formed in one piece (preferably as a unitary molded part) and provides the entire support structure for the solenoid 300 and the plunger 400. Also, as was indicated above, the body 200 defines the common port 202, the normally closed port 204, and the normally open port 206. The one piece construction of the bobbin/valve body 200 eliminates the assembly and inspection steps associated with joining together separate bobbin and valve body piece(s). For this same reason, leakage issues may be significantly reduced when compared to, for example, a valve design including separate bobbin and valve body piece(s). The bobbin/valve body 200 may be made by economic mass manufacturing methods, such a injection molding, thereby further reducing manufacturing costs. The bobbin/valve body 200 includes an end block portion 210 defining the normally open port 206, an end block portion 212 defining the common and normally closed ports 202 and 204, and a central cylindrical portion 214 therebetween.

The end portion 210 includes a top wall 210 a, side walls 210 b, a bottom wall 210 c, and end walls 210 d and 210 e which together form a roughly rectangular prism shape. The normally open port nipple 206 extends perpendicularly outwardly from the bottom wall 210 c (FIGS. 14-17) whereby the end block portion 210 may be referred to as the one-port end portion of the bobbin/valve body 200. The end portion 210 further includes a shelf 210 f extending outwardly from its bottom wall 210 c and perpendicularly from its end wall 210 d (FIGS. 13-17.) The end block portion 212 has a top wall 212 a, a bottom wall 212 c, side walls 212 b, and end walls 212 d and 212 e (FIGS. 13-17) forming an essentially cubical shape except for its concavely curved outer corners (FIGS. 13 and 15). The central portion 214 extends centrally between the end walls 210 e and 212 e and includes an outer cylindrical wall 214 a that defines, in conjunction with the end walls 210 d and 212 d, an annular cavity 216 (see FIGS. 13-15).

The bottom walls 210 c and 212 c define a flat bottom surface of the bobbin/valve body 200, except for the port nipples extending perpendicular therefrom (see FIGS. 14, 15 and 16). These bottom walls 210 c and 212 c also define an outer surface of the finished valve 100 (FIGS. 2 and 3) whereby the valve 100 includes a flat bottom surface. This construction makes this port-side surface of the valve 100 and the bobbin/valve body 200 suitable for flush mounting against a flush surface, such as a manifold or PC board.

The top wall 210 a of the end portion 210 includes a trapezoidal (with rounded slanted sides) platform 220 and a linear platform 222 defining a linear groove 224 and a pair of semi-circular recesses 226 (see FIG. 13). The side walls 222 each include a semi-cylindrical slot 228 extending from the respective semi-circular recess 226 on the top wall 210 a to a respective semi-circular recess 230 on the bottom wall 210 c. (FIGS. 13 and 14.) The end wall 210 d includes a centrally located opening 232 into the interior of the body 200 (FIG. 16). The other end wall 210 e (not shown in detail) forms the union between the portions 210 and 214. The shelf 210 e includes a pair of rectangular slots 234 extending from its top edge to its bottom edge (FIGS. 13 and 15), a window 236 extending between the slots 234 (FIG. 16), and rectangular recesses 237 formed on the top surface of its outer corners (FIGS. 13, 14 and 15).

The top wall 212 a of the end portion 212 includes a rectangular window 238 surrounded by a C-shaped ledge 240 and a square dish 242 (see FIG. 13). The bottom wall 212 b includes a trapezoidal (with rounded corners) pedestal 248 surrounding the common port 202 and a rectangular pedestal 250 surrounding the normally closed port 204 which form a linear path 252 and semi-circular recesses 254 (see FIG. 15). The side walls 212 c each include a square window 244 and a semi-cylindrical slot 246 (see FIG. 14). The end wall 212 d includes a circular bump 256 and the end wall 212 e essentially forms a union between the portions 212 and 214 (see FIG. 17).

The exterior profile of the bobbin/valve body 200 is adapted to accommodate the different mounting arrangements of the valve 100. The semi-cylindrical slots 228 and 246 on the side walls 210 b and 212 c form a channel for the C-shaped mounting wire 152 when the valve 100 is mounted port-side-up on a PC board or panel as is shown in FIG. 8. The linear groove 224 on the top wall 210 a and the linear groove 252 on the bottom wall 212 c cradle the cross-wire 154 when the valve 100 is side mounted to a PC board as is shown in FIG. 9. When valve assemblies 100 are placed side-by-side as shown in FIG. 10, the adjacent slots 228 and 246 form cylindrical receptacles for the shafts of the screws 156 and the adjacent recesses 230 and 254 form circular rests for the screw heads. Also, adjacent shelf recesses 237 form a mounting flange for clips (not shown) used to secure the valve assemblies 100 to the board.

As is explained in more detail below, the exterior profile of the body 200 is also adapted to accommodate the manufacturing and/or assembly of the valve 100. However, it may be noted that the square dish 242 and the circular bump 256 are included to accommodate the molding process of the bobbin/valve body 200 and do not play a functional role in the finished valve 100. That being said, the square dish 242 does provide a convenient location for placement of a manufacturer's identification and/or a valve classification.

The interior of the bobbin/valve body 200 is best explained by referring to FIGS. 18-22. As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, the portions 210, 212 and 214 include interiors walls that together define an interior longitudinal bore 260 extending from the opening 232 in the end portion 210, coaxially through the cylindrical portion 214, and into (but not through) the end portion 212 (see FIGS. 18 and 19). The bore 260 may be viewed as including a series of longitudinal sections, namely a widened section 262, an unribbed section 264, and a ribbed section 266.

The widened section 262 extends inwardly from the opening 232 in the end wall 210 a of the end portion 210. The unribbed section 264 extends from the outlet section 262 through the cylindrical central portion 214 and defines a generally smooth or unribbed surface (see FIG. 20). The ribbed section 266 extends from the unribbed section 264 to the bore's axial end and includes a series of radial ribs 268 (five in the illustrated embodiment) (see FIG. 21).

The portions 210 and 212 include other interior walls that define fluid passageways. Specifically, the end block portion 210 defines a normally open passageway 276 radially extending from the widened outlet bore section 262 to the normally open port 206 (see FIG. 18). The end block portion 212 defines a common passageway 278 extending radially between the common port 202 and the ribbed plunger section 266, a cross-over passageway 280 extending axially from the end of the plunger section 266, and a normally closed passageway 282 extending radially between the end of the crossover passageway 280 and the normally closed port 204 (see FIGS. 18 and 21). A valve seat 284 is defined by the two-port end portion 212 at the axial end of the bore, this valve seat 284 surrounding the inlet to the cross-over passageway 280 (see FIGS. 18 and 19).

The one-port end portion 210 further defines capture receptacles for components of the solenoid 300 (namely terminal pins 306, introduced below). Specifically, interior walls within the shelf 210 f define a cavity 286 extending inward from the shelf's window 236 and ledges 288 and 290 positioned within the cavity 286 (see FIG. 22). The ledges 288 are respectively positioned laterally outward from the slots 234 and the ledge 290 is positioned between the slots 234 (see FIG. 20). The end portion 210 further defines a pair of post inlet channels 292 and capture channels 294 (see FIGS. 19 and 22). The inlet channels 292 extend axially inward from the cavity 286 on either side of the normally open port 206 and the capture channels 294 extend axially inward and through openings 296 in the end wall 210 e. The end wall 210 e further includes grooves 298 extending laterally outward from the openings 294 (see FIG. 20).

The solenoid 300 includes a coil 302, terminal pins 304, a flux conductor 306, and a pole piece 308. The terminal pins 304 are illustrated in detail in FIG. 23 as they are being assembled to the bobbin/valve body 200. As shown, each of the pins 304 includes a post section 310, a stepped section 312, a ridged section 314 and a contact section 316. In the stage of assembly shown, the top post sections 310 extend outwardly from the window 286 of the body 200 prior to be bent into the desired orientation. The stepped sections 312 rest between the ledges 288 and 290 and extends into the inlet channels 292. The ridged sections 314 are captured within the channels 294 and the contact sections 316 extend through the openings 296 in the end wall 210 e.

The contact sections 316 are perpendicularly bent into the grooves 298 to secure the terminal pins 304 to the bobbin/valve body 200 and to place the sections 316 in a contacting position with the solenoid coil 302 (see FIG. 3). The post sections 310 may be perpendicularly bent into an upstanding orientation such as is shown in FIGS. 1-3. Alternatively, the post sections 310 may be trimmed and/or otherwise bent to accommodate particular mounting arrangements. To this end, the post sections 310 preferably include a neck 318 (see FIG. 3) which may be used during this bending and breaking.

Once the terminal pins 304 have been fully assembled in the desired manner relative to the bobbin/valve body 200, it may be noted that windows or openings are created within the slots 234. Electrical posts (not shown) may be inserted through these openings to be in electrical contact with the terminal pins 304. This type of arrangement would be very advantageous for a “ports-down” a PC board mounting arrangement wherein the electrical posts could double both as the mounting components and as part of the electrical circuitry.

The flux conductor 306 is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 24-28 and, as shown, has a single piece or unitary construction with a roughly sideways C-shape (see FIG. 26). The conductor 306 comprises a top section 320, an end section 322, and another end section 324 (see FIGS. 24, 25 and 26). The top section 320 is approximately rectangular in shape except for concavely curved corners 326 and stepped corners 328 (see FIG. 25). The end section 322 is in the shape of a bridge having a substantially semicircular opening 330 and steps or ridges 332 on its outer side surface (see FIGS. 24, 26 and 27). The end section 324 is also in the shape of a bridge having a substantially semicircular opening 334 (see FIG. 28).

The pole piece 308 is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 29-33 and, as shown, comprises a generally cylindrical member having axial ends 350 and 352 (see FIGS. 29-31). The axial end 350 has flat profile and the other axial end 352 has a conical profile (see FIGS. 29 and 31). The pole piece 308 includes two annular flanges 354 and 356 which may be viewed as forming longitudinal surface sections 358, 360 and 362. The annular flange 354 includes an inclined annular tab 364 and the annular flange 356 includes an annular tab 366 (see FIGS. 31-33). A radial passageway 368 extends transversely through the longitudinal section 358 and a longitudinal passageway 370 extends axially from the center of the passageway 368 to the pole's axial end 352 (see FIGS. 29 and 31). A valve seat 372 is formed about the end of the passageway 370 on the end 352 (see FIG. 29).

The plunger 400 includes a plunger body 402, a spring retainer 404 and a biasing spring 406. The plunger body 402 is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 34 and 35 and, as shown, comprises a generally cylindrical member 408 and an elastomeric core 410. The cylindrical member 408 has axial ends 412 and 414 and a stepped outer surface forming longitudinal sections 416 and 418 (see FIG. 34). The axial end 412 has a flat contour and the axial end 414 has an inwardly funneled contour. The member 408 includes a hollow roughly barbell-shaped core 420 extending between its axial ends 412 and 414.

The profile of the hollow core 420 adjacent the end 412 is a stepped profile and the profile of the core 416 adjacent the end 414 is a half-octagonal profile, in section (see FIG. 34). The elastomeric core 410 is positioned within the core 420 of the cylindrical member 408 and thus has a complimentary contour. Specifically, one axial end 422 has a stepped profile and the other axial end 424 has a half-octagonal profile, in section (see FIG. 35). It may be noted that the illustrated overall barbell-shape of the elastomeric core 410, and/or the shape of its axial ends 422 and 424, are preferred for the purposes of manufacturing. From a functional point of view, any sealing suitable surface (such as rubber disks) on the axial ends of the plunger body 408 would be sufficient.

The spring retainer 404 is illustrated in detail in FIGS. 36-38 and, as shown, comprises a ring-shaped member 430 having a beaded rib 432 projecting radially from its outer surface.

Cross-sectional views of the assembled valve 100 in a deenergized state are shown in FIGS. 39-42. In the assembled valve 100, the coil 302 is wound around the central cylindrical portion 214 of the bobbin/valve body 200 within the annular cavity 216 (see FIGS. 39 and 40, cavity 216 shown and numbered in FIGS. 13-15). The terminal pins 304 extend perpendicularly upward from the shelf 210 f and their contact sections 316 are in electrical contact with the ends of the solenoid coil 302 (see FIG. 39, contact sections 316 shown and numbered in FIG. 23).

The flux conductor 306 straddles the central cylindrical portion 214 and the end portion 210 of the bobbin/valve body 200 thereby straddling sections of the bobbin/valve body 200 containing the common port 202 and the normally open port 206. Specifically, the flux conductor's end section 320 is positioned within the cavity connecting the top rectangular window 238 and the side square windows 244 of the end block section 210 and its bridge opening 330 is swage-coupled onto interior walls defining the body's longitudinal bore 260 (see FIG. 39, cavity shown in FIG. 12, windows shown/numbered in FIGS. 13 and 14, bridge opening shown and numbered in FIG. 27). The flux conductor's top section 322 extends over the top of the coil 302 and over the top wall of the end block portion 210 (see FIGS. 39-42). The flux conductor's end section 322 extends over the end wall of the block portion 210 and its bridge opening 334 is swage-coupled to the axial end 350 of the pole piece 308 (see FIG. 39, bridge opening shown and numbered in FIG. 28).

The pole piece 308 is positioned within the longitudinal bore 260 of the bobbin/valve body 200 (see FIG. 39). The pole's axial end 350 and its longitudinal section 358 extends through the opening 232 in the end wall of the block end portion 210 (see FIG. 39, pole end and section shown/numbered in FIGS. 29-31, block end opening shown/numbered in FIG. 16.) The annular flange 354 and the longitudinal section 360 are positioned within the bore's widened outlet section 262, with the radial passageway 368 communicated with the normally open passageway 276 (see FIG. 39, pole's flange and sections shown/numbered in FIGS. 29 and 31). The widened section 262 of the bore 260 and the flanges 354 and 356 form an annular passageway between the pole's radial passageway 268 and the normally open passageway 276 (see FIG. 39, bore section numbered in FIGS. 18 and 19, pole flanges 354 and 356 numbered in FIGS. 29 and 31).

The pole's annular flange 356, its longitudinal section 362 and its axial end 352 are positioned within the bore's unribbed section 364 (see FIG. 39, pole's flange, section and end shown/numbered in FIGS. 29 and 31). The pole's annular tabs 364 and 366 mate with interior walls defining the bore 260 of the bobbin/valve body 200 in press-fit fashion (see FIGS. 43 and 44). The sealing between the bobbin/valve body 200 and the pole's flanges 354 and 356 and its longitudinal section 362 is such that fluid is prevented from leaking around the pole piece 308. In this manner, a fluid-tight seal is created between the bobbin/valve body 200 and the pole piece 308 without the need for additional coupling elements, such as welds, adhesives, sealing rings, etc.

The plunger body 402 is positioned within the longitudinal bore 260 of the bobbin/valve body 200 (see FIGS. 39-42). More particularly, the plunger body 402 is positioned primarily within the bore's ribbed section 266 with its funneled axial end 414 positioned within the unribbed section 264 (see FIGS. 39-42, bore's sections numbered in FIGS. 18 and 19, plunger's axial end numbered in FIGS. 29 and 31). In the illustrated deenergized state of the valve 100, the spring 406 biases the plunger's flat axial end 350 is positioned adjacent the valve seat 284 with the axial end 424 of the elastomeric core 410 being seated there against (see FIG. 39). The plunger's funneled axial end 414 is positioned in a complimentary but spaced arrangement with the pole's conical axial end 352 (see FIG. 39, plunger's axial end numbered in FIGS. 34 and 35, pole's axial end numbered in FIGS. 29 and 31).

The plunger's widened section 408 is movably positioned within the ribs 268 of the bobbin/valve body's bore 260 (see FIGS. 41 and 42, plunger section numbered in FIGS. 34 and 35, ribs 268 also numbered in FIGS. 18 and 19). The spring retainer 404 is fixedly (but adjustably) positioned at the end of the ribbed section 266 and the retainer's beaded rib tab 432 is mated with the groove in the bore in a press-fit fashion (see FIG. 41, ribbed section numbered in FIGS. 18 and 19, retainer tab numbered in FIGS. 36-38). The spring 406 is a cylindrical spring coiling around the plunger body 402 and more particularly within an annular chamber defined by the ribs 268, the plunger's widened section 408, and the spring retainer 404 (see FIGS. 39, 41 and 42, ribs numbered in FIGS. 18 and 19, plunger section numbered in FIGS. 29-31). This wrapped arrangement of the spring 406 relative to the plunger body 402 contributes to a reduction in overall axial length of the valve 100 when compared to, for example, a valve design wherein a spring is positioned axially adjacent a plunger body.

In the illustrated deenergized state of the valve assembly 100, the spring 406 biases the plunger body 402 towards the cross-over passageway 280 so that, as was indicated above, the axial end 422 of the elastomeric core 410 is seated against the valve seat 284 (see FIG. 39). This seating seals the cross-over passageway 280 and thus the normally closed passageway 282. During operation of the valve 100 in the deenergized state, fluid flows through the common port/passageway 202/278 and through the annular flow passages between the ribs 268 towards the pole piece 308. It may be noted that, although the ribs 268 are integral with the bobbin/valve body 200 in the illustrated embodiment, similar annular flow passages could instead be created by a ribbed or fluted plunger body 402.

Because of the spaced arrangement between the pole piece 308 and the plunger body 402, the fluid then flows into the funneled opening in the plunger body 402, through the pole piece's longitudinal passageway 370 to the pole piece's radial passageway 368, through the annular passageway (defined by the bore's widened section 262 and the pole piece's flanges 354 and 356) and out through the normally open passageway/port 276/206.

To energize the valve 100, electrical current is applied to the terminals to generate a magnetic field in the coil 302. The flux conductor 306 concentrates the magnetic field in a desired manner and the field is transmitted to the pole piece 308. The magnetic force of the pole piece 308 overcomes the biasing force of the spring 406 and the plunger body 402 is moved towards the pole piece 308. This movement of the plunger body 402 results in the axial end 422 of the elastomeric core 410 being moved away from the valve seat 284 and the insert's axial end 424 being seated against the pole piece's valve seat 372. In this manner, the longitudinal passageway 370 of the pole piece 308 is sealed thereby blocking the flow passageways to the normally open passageway/port 276/206. During operation of the valve 100 in the energized state, fluid flows through the common port/passageway 202/278 and through the annular flow passages between the ribs 268 towards the pole piece 308, but is blocked from entering the pole piece 308. Fluid instead flows through now unblocked cross-over passageway 280 to the normally closed passageway/port 282/204.

To assemble the valve 100, the plunger body 402 is first inserted into the longitudinal bore 260 of the bobbin/valve body 200 through the end opening 232 in the end block portion 210. The spring 406 may be positioned around the plunger body 402 during this insertion or later inserted into the bore 260 and around the plunger body 402. The spring retainer 404 is then inserted into the bore 260 and into a fixed position by the press-fit mating of its bead 432 with the flow ribs.

It may be noted that the biasing force placed on the plunger body 402 may be selectively adjusted by varying the depth of the retainer 404 relative to the bobbin/valve body 200. Alternatively, the axial length of the spring retainer 404 may be varied to adjust the biasing force. Another option contemplated by the present invention is a spring retainer that is permanently fixed to the bobbin/valve body 200. Moreover, a “retainerless” design may instead be used wherein the spring 406 is captured within pockets in the plunger body 402. It may be noted, however, that the latter two options may limit spring adjustability options.

The pole piece 308 is next inserted through the end opening 232 into the longitudinal bore 260 and press-fit into position by the press-fit mating of the barbed ribs 354 and 356 (see FIGS. 43 and 44). Significantly, this assembly of the pole piece 308 requires no additional coupling components thereby simplifying manufacturing techniques and/or reducing cost considerations.

Before or after the insertion of the pole piece 308 and the plunger components 402, 404 and 406, the coil 302 is wound about the central cylindrical section 214 of the bobbin/valve body 200 and the terminal pins 306 are secured to the body 200 in the manner described above during the discussion of FIG. 23. As was explained above, the bobbin/valve body 200 is compatible with a variety of different terminal arrangements thereby decreasing manufacturing efforts and/or expenses by way of reduced inventory requirements.

After the coil 302 has been assembled, the flux conductor 304 is coupled to the bobbin/valve body 200. Specifically, the conductor's end section 320 is inserted through the top rectangular window 238 and into the cavity between this window and the side square windows 244. The bridge opening 330 fits over the curved interior walls of the end block portion 212 defining the body's longitudinal bore 260 and a suitable swage tool may be inserted through the side windows 244 to interact with the ridges 322 to lock the conductor 304 in position (see FIG. 39, cavity shown in FIG. 12, windows shown and numbered in FIGS. 13 and 14, bridge opening shown/numbered in FIG. 27). The flux conductor's other end section 322, and particularly its bridge opening 334 is swaged over the pole piece's axial end 350 thereby coupling the flux conductor 304 to the bobbin/valve body 200 (see FIG. 39, bridge opening shown/number in FIG. 28). It may noted that the preferred one piece construction of the flux conductor 304 makes it suitable for extremely economic manufacturing techniques, such as stamping. Moreover, by swage-coupling of the flux conductor 304 to the bobbin/valve body 200 and/or the pole piece 350 allows assembly without the need for additional coupling steps or components, such as welding.

One may now appreciate that the valve 100 that may be manufactured and/or assembled in a relatively simplified manner, within reasonable economic ranges, and with a minimization of leakage issues. Moreover, the valve 100 may be used for a wide variety of industrial, medical and/or analytical systems and does not require different valve constructions to accommodate these different mounting arrangements. While the valve 100 may be produced in a very compact size, it has many features that would be equally advantageous in large valve sizes. Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain preferred embodiment, it is obvious that equivalent and obvious alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger; the bobbin/valve body defining a plurality of ports, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; the plurality of ports including a first port and a second port which both extend radially outward from the longitudinal bore in the same direction; the bobbin valve having a central section at least partially defining the longitudinal bore; the plunger including a plunger body which moves within the bore in response to energization/deenergization of the solenoid to convert the valve between an open condition and a closed condition; the solenoid including a pole piece positioned within the longitudinal bore and a solenoid coil wound around the central section of the bobbin/valve body; and the solenoid coil surrounding both the plunger body and the pole piece for a majority of their axial length.
 2. A valve as set forth in claim 1, wherein the bobbin/valve body is formed unitary in one piece.
 3. A valve as set forth in claim 2, wherein the central section of the bobbin/valve body is an elongated section.
 4. A valve as set forth in claim 1, wherein the central section of the bobbin/valve body is an elongated section.
 5. A valve as set forth in claim 1, wherein the pole piece is press-fit coupled to the bobbin/valve body such that a fluid-tight seal is provided between the pole piece and the bobbin/valve body without additional mechanical coupling elements.
 6. A valve as in claim 5, wherein the pole piece includes an inclined annular tab which mates with interior walls defining the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body in press-fit fashion.
 7. A valve as in claim 6, wherein the pole piece includes an annular flange, and the inclined annular tab is located on a radially outer surface of the annular flange.
 8. A valve as in claim 5, wherein the pole piece includes a pair of annular flanges, defining a longitudinal surface section therebetween, and each of which includes an inclined annular tab which mates with interior walls defining the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body in press-fit fashion.
 9. A valve as in claim 5, and further including a flux conductor magnetically coupling the bobbin/valve body to the pole piece, the flux conductor having a top portion and a pair of end portions, formed unitary with said top portion, with one of said end portions coupled to the bobbin/valve body, and the other of said end portions swage coupled to a distal end of the pole piece.
 10. A valve as in claim 1, and further including a flux conductor magnetically coupling the bobbin/valve body to the pole piece, the flux conductor having a top portion and a pair of end portions, formed unitary with said top portion, with one of said end portions coupled to the bobbin/valve body, and the other of said end portions swage coupled to a distal end of the pole piece.
 11. A valve as in claim 10, wherein said one end portion of the flux conductor is also swage-coupled to said bobbin/valve body.
 12. A valve as in claim 1, wherein the bobbin/valve body includes a ribbed section in which longitudinal ribs extend radially inward from the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore, the ribs defining flow channels between the bobbin/valve body and the plunger body.
 13. A valve as in claim 12, wherein a passageway extends between one of the ports and the ribbed section of the longitudinal bore, whereby fluid flows from said one port to the longitudinal bore and into the flow channels defined by the ribs between the plunger body and the bobbin/valve body.
 14. A valve as in claim 1, wherein the plunger additionally comprises a spring which biases the plunger body way from the pole piece and against a valve seat, and a spring retainer held by press-fit in the bobbin/valve body which holds the spring in a desired biasing position.
 15. A valve as in claim 1, further including terminal pins electrically coupled to the solenoid coil and supported by the bobbin/valve body, each of the terminal pins including an external post section, a stepped section supported by the bobbin/valve body, and a contact section bent into engagement with the bobbin/valve body to retain the terminal pins within the bobbin/valve body.
 16. A valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger, wherein: the bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece and defines a plurality of ports, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; the plurality of ports including a first port and a second port which both extend radially outward from the longitudinal bore in the same direction; the bobbin/valve having a central section at least partially defining the longitudinal bore; the solenoid being selectively energizable to produce a magnetic field and including a coil wrapped around the central section of the bobbin/valve body; the plunger includes a plunger body which moves within the bore in response to energization/deenergization of the solenoid between a first position whereat the passageway to the first port is sealed from the longitudinal bore and a second position whereat the passageway to the first port communicates with the longitudinal bore, and bottom walls of the bobbin/valve body defining a mounting surface of the valve which is flat except for port nipples extending perpendicular therefrom.
 17. A valve as set forth in claim 16, wherein the central section of the bobbin/valve body is an elongated section.
 18. A valve as in claim 16, wherein the bobbin/valve body includes a ribbed section in which longitudinal ribs extend radially inward from the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore, the ribs defining flow channels between the bobbin/valve body and the plunger body.
 19. A valve as in claim 18, wherein a passageway extends between one of the ports and the ribbed section of the longitudinal bore, whereby fluid flows from said one port to the longitudinal bore and into the flow channels defined by the ribs between the plunger body and the bobbin/valve body.
 20. A valve as in claim 16, wherein the solenoid includes a pole piece positioned within the longitudinal bore, and the plunger additionally comprises a spring which biases the plunger body way from the pole piece and against a valve seat, and a spring retainer held by press-fit in the bobbin/valve body which holds the spring in a desired biasing position.
 21. A valve as in claim 16, further including terminal pins electrically coupled to the solenoid coil and supported by the bobbin/valve body, each of the terminal pins including an external post section, a stepped section supported by the bobbin/valve body, and a contact section bent into engagement with the bobbin/valve body to retain the terminal pins within the bobbin/valve body.
 22. A method of making a valve comprising the steps of: forming a bobbin/valve body, unitary, in one piece, including ports, a longitudinal bore, and passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; inserting a plunger body through an end opening in the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore; inserting a pole piece through the end opening in the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore, wherein the pole piece includes an inclined annular tab; mating the tab with interior walls defining the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body, thereby press-fit coupling the pole piece to the bobbin/valve body such that a fluid-tight seal is provided between the pole piece and the bobbin/valve body without additional mechanical coupling elements.
 23. A method as set forth in claim 22, wherein said forming step comprises forming a central section of the bobbin/valve body as an elongated section.
 24. A method as in claim 22, wherein the pole piece includes a pair of annular flanges, defining a longitudinal surface section therebetween, and each of which includes an inclined annular tab, and mating the tabs with interior walls defining the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body in press-fit fashion.
 25. A method as in claim 22, further including forming ribs longitudinally along a section of the longitudinal bore, the ribs extending radially inward into the bore and defining flow channels between the bobbin/valve body and the plunger body.
 26. A method as in claim 22, wherein the plunger additionally comprises a spring which biases the plunger body way from the pole piece and against a valve seat, and press-fit retaining a spring retainer in the bobbin/valve body to hold the spring in a desired biasing position.
 27. A method as in claim 22, wherein terminal pins are electrically coupled to the solenoid coil and supported by the bobbin/valve body, each of the terminal pins including an external post section, a stepped section supported by the bobbin/valve body, and a contact section, and further including bending the contact section into engagement with the bobbin/valve body to retain the terminal pins within the bobbin/valve body.
 28. A method of making a valve comprising the steps of: forming a bobbin/valve body, unitary, in one piece, including ports, a longitudinal bore, and passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; inserting a plunger body through an end opening in the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore; inserting a pole piece through the end opening in the bobbin/valve body into the longitudinal bore; and press-fit coupling the pole piece to the bobbin/valve body such that a fluid-tight seal is provided between the role piece and the bobbin/valve body without additional mechanical coupling elements; and further including a flux conductor magnetically coupling the bobbin/valve body to the pole piece, the flux conductor having a top portion and a pair of end portions, formed unitary with said top portion, and coupling one of said end portions of the flux conductor to the bobbin/valve body, and swage coupling the other of said end portions to a distal end of the pole piece.
 29. A method as in claim 28, further including also swage coupling the one end portion of the flux conductor to said bobbin/valve body.
 30. A valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger, wherein: the bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece and defines a plurality of ports, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; the plurality of ports including a first port and a second port which both extend radially outward from the longitudinal bore in the same direction; the bobbin/valve having a central section at least partially defining the longitudinal bore; the solenoid including a pole piece positioned within the longitudinal bore, the solenoid being selectively energizable to produce a magnetic field and including a coil wrapped around the central section of the bobbin/valve body; the plunger includes a plunger body which moves within the bore in response to energization/deenergization of the solenoid between a first position whereat the passageway to the first port is sealed from the longitudinal bore and a second position whereat the passageway to the first port communicates with the longitudinal bore, wherein the pole piece includes an inclined annular tab with mates within interior walls of the longitudinal bore such that the pole piece is press-fit within the longitudinal bore of the bobbin/valve body.
 31. A valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger, wherein: the bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece and defines a plurality of ports, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; the plurality of ports including a first port and a second port which both extend radially outward from the longitudinal bore in the same direction; the bobbin/valve having a central section between the first and second ports and at least partially defining the longitudinal bore; the solenoid being selectively energizable to produce a magnetic field and including a coil wrapped around the central section of the bobbin/valve body; the plunger includes a plunger body which moves within the bore in response to energization/deenergization of the solenoid between a first position whereat the passageway to the first port is sealed from the longitudinal bore and a second position whereat the passageway to the first port communicates with the longitudinal bore.
 32. A valve comprising a bobbin/valve body, a solenoid, and a plunger, wherein: the bobbin/valve body is formed in one piece and defines a plurality of ports, a longitudinal bore, and respective passageways between the longitudinal bore and the ports; the plurality of ports including a first port and a second port which both extend radially outward from the longitudinal bore in the same direction; the bobbin/valve having a central section at least partially defining the longitudinal bore; the solenoid including a pole piece positioned within the longitudinal bore, the solenoid being selectively energizable to produce a magnetic field and including a coil wrapped around the central section of the bobbin/valve body; the plunger includes a plunger body which moves within the bore in response to energization/deenergization of the solenoid between a first position whereat the passageway to the first port is sealed from the longitudinal bore and a second position whereat the passageway to the first port communicates with the longitudinal bore, and further including a flux conductor magnetically coupling the bobbin/valve body to the pole piece, the flux conductor having a top portion and a pair of end portions, formed unitary with the top portion, and coupling one of said end portions of the flux conductor to the bobbin/valve body, and the other of said end portions being swage coupled to a distal end of the pole piece. 